17.3.L 'L' Instructions
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17.3.L 'L' Instructions
LAHF -- Load Flags into AH Register
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
9F LAHF 2 Load: AH = flags SF ZF xx AF xx PF xx CF
Operation
AH <- SF:ZF:xx:AF:xx:PF:xx:CF;
Description
LAHF transfers the low byte of the flags word to AH. The bits, from
MSB to LSB, are sign, zero, indeterminate, auxiliary, carry,
indeterminate, parity, indeterminate, and carry.
Flags Affected
None
Protected Mode Exceptions
None
Real Address Mode Exceptions
None
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
None
LAR -- Load Access Rights Byte
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
0F 02 /r LAR r16,r/m16 pm=15/16 r16 <- r/m16 masked by FF00
0F 02 /r LAR r32,r/m32 pm=15/16 r32 <- r/m32 masked by 00FxFF00
Description
The LAR instruction stores a marked form of the second doubleword of
the descriptor for the source selector if the selector is visible at the
CPL (modified by the selector's RPL) and is a valid descriptor type. The
destination register is loaded with the high-order doubleword of the
descriptor masked by 00FxFF00, and ZF is set to 1. The x indicates that the
four bits corresponding to the upper four bits of the limit are undefined in
the value loaded by LAR. If the selector is invisible or of the wrong type,
ZF is cleared.
If the 32-bit operand size is specified, the entire 32-bit value is loaded
into the 32-bit destination register. If the 16-bit operand size is
specified, the lower 16-bits of this value are stored in the 16-bit
destination register.
All code and data segment descriptors are valid for LAR.
The valid special segment and gate descriptor types for LAR are given
in the following table:
Type Name Valid/Invalid
0 Invalid Invalid
1 Available 80286 TSS Valid
2 LDT Valid
3 Busy 80286 TSS Valid
4 80286 call gate Valid
5 80286/80386 task gate Valid
6 80286 trap gate Valid
7 80286 interrupt gate Valid
8 Invalid Invalid
9 Available 80386 TSS Valid
A Invalid Invalid
B Busy 80386 TSS Valid
C 80386 call gate Valid
D Invalid Invalid
E 80386 trap gate Valid
F 80386 interrupt gate Valid
Flags Affected
ZF as described above
Protected Mode Exceptions
#GP(0) for an illegal memory operand effective address in the CS, DS,
ES, FS, or GS segments; #SS(0) for an illegal address in the SS segment;
#PF(fault-code) for a page fault
Real Address Mode Exceptions
Interrupt 6; LAR is unrecognized in Real Address Mode
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
Same exceptions as in Real Address Mode
LEA -- Load Effective Address
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
8D /r LEA r16,m 2 Store effective address for m in register r16
8D /r LEA r32,m 2 Store effective address for m in register r32
8D /r LEA r16,m 2 Store effective address for m in register r16
8D /r LEA r32,m 2 Store effective address for m in register r32
Operation
IF OperandSize = 16 AND AddressSize = 16
THEN r16 <- Addr(m);
ELSE
IF OperandSize = 16 AND AddressSize = 32
THEN
r16 <- Truncate_to_16bits(Addr(m)); (* 32-bit address *)
ELSE
IF OperandSize = 32 AND AddressSize = 16
THEN
r32 <- Truncate_to_16bits(Addr(m));
ELSE
IF OperandSize = 32 AND AddressSize = 32
THEN r32 <- Addr(m);
FI;
FI;
FI;
FI;
Description
LEA calculates the effective address (offset part) and stores it in the
specified register. The operand-size attribute of the instruction
(represented by OperandSize in the algorithm under "Operation" above) is
determined by the chosen register. The address-size attribute (represented
by AddressSize) is determined by the USE attribute of the segment containing
the second operand. The address-size and operand-size attributes affect the
action performed by LEA, as follows:
Operand Size Address Size Action Performed
16 16 16-bit effective address is calculated and
stored in requested 16-bit register
destination.
16 32 32-bit effective address is calculated. The
lower 16 bits of the address are stored in
the requested 16-bit register destination.
32 16 16-bit effective address is calculated. The
16-bit address is zero-extended and stored
in the requested 32-bit register destination.
32 32 32-bit effective address is calculated and
stored in the requested 32-bit register
destination.
Flags Affected
None
Protected Mode Exceptions
#UD if the second operand is a register
Real Address Mode Exceptions
Interrupt 6 if the second operand is a register
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
Same exceptions as in Real Address Mode
LEAVE -- High Level Procedure Exit
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
C9 LEAVE 4 Set SP to BP, then pop BP
C9 LEAVE 4 Set ESP to EBP, then pop EBP
Operation
IF StackAddrSize = 16
THEN
SP <- BP;
ELSE (* StackAddrSize = 32 *)
ESP <- EBP;
FI;
IF OperandSize = 16
THEN
BP <- Pop();
ELSE (* OperandSize = 32 *)
EBP <- Pop();
FI;
Description
LEAVE reverses the actions of the ENTER instruction. By copying the
frame pointer to the stack pointer, LEAVE releases the stack space used
by a procedure for its local variables. The old frame pointer is popped
into BP or EBP, restoring the caller's frame. A subsequent RET
instruction removes any arguments pushed onto the stack of the exiting
procedure.
Flags Affected
None
Protected Mode Exceptions
#SS(0) if BP does not point to a location within the limits of the current
stack segment
Real Address Mode Exceptions
Interrupt 13 if any part of the operand would lie outside of the effective
address space from 0 to 0FFFFH
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
Same exceptions as in Real Address Mode
LGDT/LIDT -- Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
0F 01 /2 LGDT m16&32 11 Load m into GDTR
0F 01 /3 LIDT m16&32 11 Load m into IDTR
Operation
IF instruction = LIDT
THEN
IF OperandSize = 16
THEN IDTR.Limit:Base <- m16:24 (* 24 bits of base loaded *)
ELSE IDTR.Limit:Base <- m16:32
FI;
ELSE (* instruction = LGDT *)
IF OperandSize = 16
THEN GDTR.Limit:Base <- m16:24 (* 24 bits of base loaded *)
ELSE GDTR.Limit:Base <- m16:32;
FI;
FI;
Description
The LGDT and LIDT instructions load a linear base address and limit
value from a six-byte data operand in memory into the GDTR or IDTR,
respectively. If a 16-bit operand is used with LGDT or LIDT, the
register is loaded with a 16-bit limit and a 24-bit base, and the
high-order eight bits of the six-byte data operand are not used. If a 32-bit
operand is used, a 16-bit limit and a 32-bit base is loaded; the high-order
eight bits of the six-byte operand are used as high-order base address bits.
The SGDT and SIDT instructions always store into all 48 bits of the
six-byte data operand. With the 80286, the upper eight bits are undefined
after SGDT or SIDT is executed. With the 80386, the upper eight bits
are written with the high-order eight address bits, for both a 16-bit
operand and a 32-bit operand. If LGDT or LIDT is used with a 16-bit
operand to load the register stored by SGDT or SIDT, the upper eight
bits are stored as zeros.
LGDT and LIDT appear in operating system software; they are not used
in application programs. They are the only instructions that directly load
a linear address (i.e., not a segment relative address) in 80386 Protected
Mode.
Flags Affected
None
Protected Mode Exceptions
#GP(0) if the current privilege level is not 0; #UD if the source operand
is a register; #GP(0) for an illegal memory operand effective address in
the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segments; #SS(0) for an illegal address in
the SS segment; #PF(fault-code) for a page fault
Real Address Mode Exceptions
Interrupt 13 if any part of the operand would lie outside of the effective
address space from 0 to 0FFFFH; Interrupt 6 if the source operand is a
register
Note:
These instructions are valid in Real Address Mode to allow
power-up initialization for Protected Mode
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
Same exceptions as in Real Address Mode; #PF(fault-code) for a page
fault
LGS/LSS/LDS/LES/LFS -- Load Full Pointer
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
C5 /r LDS r16,m16:16 7,p=22 Load DS:r16 with pointer from memory
C5 /r LDS r32,m16:32 7,p=22 Load DS:r32 with pointer from memory
0F B2 /r LSS r16,m16:16 7,p=22 Load SS:r16 with pointer from memory
0F B2 /r LSS r32,m16:32 7,p=22 Load SS:r32 with pointer from memory
C4 /r LES r16,m16:16 7,p=22 Load ES:r16 with pointer from memory
C4 /r LES r32,m16:32 7,p=22 Load ES:r32 with pointer from memory
0F B4 /r LFS r16,m16:16 7,p=25 Load FS:r16 with pointer from memory
0F B4 /r LFS r32,m16:32 7,p=25 Load FS:r32 with pointer from memory
0F B5 /r LGS r16,m16:16 7,p=25 Load GS:r16 with pointer from memory
0F B5 /r LGS r32,m16:32 7,p=25 Load GS:r32 with pointer from memory
Operation
CASE instruction OF
LSS: Sreg is SS; (* Load SS register *)
LDS: Sreg is DS; (* Load DS register *)
LES: Sreg is ES; (* Load ES register *)
LFS: Sreg is FS; (* Load FS register *)
LGS: Sreg is DS; (* Load GS register *)
ESAC;
IF (OperandSize = 16)
THEN
r16 <- [Effective Address]; (* 16-bit transfer *)
Sreg <- [Effective Address + 2]; (* 16-bit transfer *)
(* In Protected Mode, load the descriptor into the segment register *)
ELSE (* OperandSize = 32 *)
r32 <- [Effective Address]; (* 32-bit transfer *)
Sreg <- [Effective Address + 4]; (* 16-bit transfer *)
(* In Protected Mode, load the descriptor into the segment register *)
FI;
Description
These instructions read a full pointer from memory and store it in the
selected segment register:register pair. The full pointer loads 16 bits
into the segment register SS, DS, ES, FS, or GS. The other register loads 32
bits if the operand-size attribute is 32 bits, or loads 16 bits if the
operand-size attribute is 16 bits. The other 16- or 32-bit register to be
loaded is determined by the r16 or r32 register operand specified.
When an assignment is made to one of the segment registers, the
descriptor is also loaded into the segment register. The data for the
register is obtained from the descriptor table entry for the selector
given.
A null selector (values 0000-0003) can be loaded into DS, ES, FS, or
GS registers without causing a protection exception. (Any subsequent
reference to a segment whose corresponding segment register is loaded
with a null selector to address memory causes a #GP(0) exception. No
memory reference to the segment occurs.)
The following is a listing of the Protected Mode checks and actions taken in
the loading of a segment register:
IF SS is loaded:
IF selector is null THEN #GP(0); FI;
Selector index must be within its descriptor table limits ELSE
#GP(selector);
Selector's RPL must equal CPL ELSE #GP(selector);
AR byte must indicate a writable data segment ELSE #GP(selector);
DPL in the AR byte must equal CPL ELSE #GP(selector);
Segment must be marked present ELSE #SS(selector);
Load SS with selector;
Load SS with descriptor;
IF DS, ES, FS, or GS is loaded with non-null selector:
Selector index must be within its descriptor table limits ELSE
#GP(selector);
AR byte must indicate data or readable code segment ELSE
#GP(selector);
IF data or nonconforming code
THEN both the RPL and the CPL must be less than or equal to DPL in
AR byte;
ELSE #GP(selector);
Segment must be marked present ELSE #NP(selector);
Load segment register with selector and RPL bits;
Load segment register with descriptor;
IF DS, ES, FS or GS is loaded with a null selector:
Clear descriptor valid bit;
Flags Affected
None
Protected Mode Exceptions
#GP(0) for an illegal memory operand effective address in the CS, DS,
ES, FS, or GS segments; #SS(0) for an illegal address in the SS segment;
the second operand must be a memory operand, not a register; #GP(0)
if a null selector is loaded into SS; #PF(fault-code) for a page fault
Real Address Mode Exceptions
The second operand must be a memory operand, not a register; Interrupt
13 if any part of the operand would lie outside of the effective address
space from 0 to 0FFFFH
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
Same exceptions as in Real Address Mode; #PF(fault-code) for a page
fault
LLDT -- Load Local Descriptor Table Register
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
0F 00 /2 LLDT r/m16 20 Load selector r/m16 into LDTR
Operation
LDTR <- SRC;
Description
LLDT loads the Local Descriptor Table register (LDTR). The word
operand (memory or register) to LLDT should contain a selector to the
Global Descriptor Table (GDT). The GDT entry should be a Local Descriptor
Table. If so, then the LDTR is loaded from the entry. The descriptor
registers DS, ES, SS, FS, GS, and CS are not affected. The LDT field in the
task state segment does not change.
The selector operand can be 0; if so, the LDTR is marked invalid. All
descriptor references (except by the LAR, VERR, VERW or LSL
instructions) cause a #GP fault.
LLDT is used in operating system software; it is not used in application
programs.
Flags Affected
None
Protected Mode Exceptions
#GP(0) if the current privilege level is not 0; #GP(selector) if the
selector operand does not point into the Global Descriptor Table, or if the
entry in the GDT is not a Local Descriptor Table; #NP(selector) if the
LDT descriptor is not present; #GP(0) for an illegal memory operand
effective address in the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segments; #SS(0) for an
illegal address in the SS segment; #PF(fault-code) for a page fault
Real Address Mode Exceptions
Interrupt 6; LLDT is not recognized in Real Address Mode
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
Same exceptions as in Real Address Mode (because the instruction is
not recognized, it will not execute or perform a memory reference)
Note
The operand-size attribute has no effect on this instruction.
LMSW -- Load Machine Status Word
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
0F 01 /6 LMSW r/m16 10/13 Load r/m16 in machine status word
Operation
MSW <- r/m16; (* 16 bits is stored in the machine status word *)
Description
LMSW loads the machine status word (part of CR0) from the source
operand. This instruction can be used to switch to Protected Mode; if so,
it must be followed by an intrasegment jump to flush the instruction
queue. LMSW will not switch back to Real Address Mode.
LMSW is used only in operating system software. It is not used in
application programs.
Flags Affected
None
Protected Mode Exceptions
#GP(0) if the current privilege level is not 0; #GP(0) for an illegal
memory operand effective address in the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS
segments; #SS(0) for an illegal address in the SS segment; #PF(fault-code)
for a page fault
Real Address Mode Exceptions
Interrupt 13 if any part of the operand would lie outside of the effective
address space from 0 to 0FFFFH
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
Same exceptions as in Real Address Mode; #PF(fault-code) for a page
fault
Notes
The operand-size attribute has no effect on this instruction. This
instruction is provided for compatibility with the 80286; 80386 programs
should use MOV CR0, ... instead.
LOCK -- Assert LOCK# Signal Prefix
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
F0 LOCK 0 Assert LOCK# signal for the next instruction
Description
The LOCK prefix causes the LOCK# signal of the 80386 to be asserted
during execution of the instruction that follows it. In a multiprocessor
environment, this signal can be used to ensure that the 80386 has
exclusive use of any shared memory while LOCK# is asserted. The
read-modify-write sequence typically used to implement test-and-set on the
80386 is the BTS instruction.
The LOCK prefix functions only with the following instructions:
BT, BTS, BTR, BTC mem, reg/imm
XCHG reg, mem
XCHG mem, reg
ADD, OR, ADC, SBB, AND, SUB, XOR mem, reg/imm
NOT, NEG, INC, DEC mem
An undefined opcode trap will be generated if a LOCK prefix is used
with any instruction not listed above.
XCHG always asserts LOCK# regardless of the presence or absence of
the LOCK prefix.
The integrity of the LOCK is not affected by the alignment of the
memory field. Memory locking is observed for arbitrarily misaligned
fields.
Locked access is not assured if another 80386 processor is executing an
instruction concurrently that has one of the following characteristics:
Is not preceded by a LOCK prefix
Is not one of the instructions in the preceding list
Specifies a memory operand that does not exactly overlap the
destination operand. Locking is not guaranteed for partial overlap,
even if one memory operand is wholly contained within another.
Flags Affected
None
Protected Mode Exceptions
#UD if LOCK is used with an instruction not listed in the "Description"
section above; other exceptions can be generated by the subsequent
(locked) instruction
Real Address Mode Exceptions
Interrupt 6 if LOCK is used with an instruction not listed in the
"Description" section above; exceptions can still be generated by the
subsequent (locked) instruction
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
#UD if LOCK is used with an instruction not listed in the "Description"
section above; exceptions can still be generated by the subsequent (locked)
instruction
LODS/LODSB/LODSW/LODSD -- Load String Operand
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
AC LODS m8 5 Load byte [(E)SI] into AL
AD LODS m16 5 Load word [(E)SI] into AX
AD LODS m32 5 Load dword [(E)SI] into EAX
AC LODSB 5 Load byte DS:[(E)SI] into AL
AD LODSW 5 Load word DS:[(E)SI] into AX
AD LODSD 5 Load dword DS:[(E)SI] into EAX
Operation
IF AddressSize = 16
THEN use SI for source-index
ELSE (* AddressSize = 32 *)
use ESI for source-index;
FI;
IF byte type of instruction
THEN
AL <- [source-index]; (* byte load *)
IF DF = 0 THEN IncDec <- 1 ELSE IncDec <- -1; FI;
ELSE
IF OperandSize = 16
THEN
AX <- [source-index]; (* word load *)
IF DF = 0 THEN IncDec <- 2 ELSE IncDec <- -2; FI;
ELSE (* OperandSize = 32 *)
EAX <- [source-index]; (* dword load *)
IF DF = 0 THEN IncDec <- 4 ELSE IncDec <- -4; FI;
FI;
FI;
source-index <- source-index + IncDec
Description
LODS loads the AL, AX, or EAX register with the memory byte, word,
or doubleword at the location pointed to by the source-index register.
After the transfer is made, the source-index register is automatically
advanced. If the direction flag is 0 (CLD was executed), the source index
increments; if the direction flag is 1 (STD was executed), it decrements.
The increment or decrement is 1 if a byte is loaded, 2 if a word is loaded,
or 4 if a doubleword is loaded.
If the address-size attribute for this instruction is 16 bits, SI is used
for the source-index register; otherwise the address-size attribute is 32
bits, and the ESI register is used. The address of the source data is
determined solely by the contents of ESI/SI. Load the correct index value
into SI before executing the LODS instruction. LODSB, LODSW, LODSD are
synonyms for the byte, word, and doubleword LODS instructions.
LODS can be preceded by the REP prefix; however, LODS is used more typically
within a LOOP construct, because further processing of the data moved into
EAX, AX, or AL is usually necessary.
Flags Affected
None
Protected Mode Exceptions
#GP(0) for an illegal memory operand effective address in the CS, DS,
ES, FS, or GS segments; #SS(0) for an illegal address in the SS segment;
#PF(fault-code) for a page fault
Real Address Mode Exceptions
Interrupt 13 if any part of the operand would lie outside of the effective
address space from 0 to 0FFFFH
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
Same exceptions as in Real Address Mode; #PF(fault-code) for a page
fault
LOOP/LOOPcond -- Loop Control with CX Counter
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
E2 cb LOOP rel8 11+m DEC count; jump short if count 0
E1 cb LOOPE rel8 11+m DEC count; jump short if count 0 and ZF=1
E1 cb LOOPZ rel8 11+m DEC count; jump short if count 0 and ZF=1
E0 cb LOOPNE rel8 11+m DEC count; jump short if count 0 and ZF=0
E0 cb LOOPNZ rel8 11+m DEC count; jump short if count 0 and ZF=0
Operation
IF AddressSize = 16 THEN CountReg is CX ELSE CountReg is ECX; FI;
CountReg <- CountReg - 1;
IF instruction LOOP
THEN
IF (instruction = LOOPE) OR (instruction = LOOPZ)
THEN BranchCond 0);
FI;
IF (instruction = LOOPNE) OR (instruction = LOOPNZ)
THEN BranchCond 0);
FI;
FI;
IF BranchCond
THEN
IF OperandSize = 16
THEN
IP <- IP + SignExtend(rel8);
ELSE (* OperandSize = 32 *)
EIP <- EIP + SignExtend(rel8);
FI;
FI;
Description
LOOP decrements the count register without changing any of the flags.
Conditions are then checked for the form of LOOP being used. If the
conditions are met, a short jump is made to the label given by the operand
to LOOP. If the address-size attribute is 16 bits, the CX register is used
as the count register; otherwise the ECX register is used. The operand
of LOOP must be in the range from 128 (decimal) bytes before the
instruction to 127 bytes ahead of the instruction.
The LOOP instructions provide iteration control and combine loop index
management with conditional branching. Use the LOOP instruction by
loading an unsigned iteration count into the count register, then code the
LOOP at the end of a series of instructions to be iterated. The
destination of LOOP is a label that points to the beginning of the
iteration.
Flags Affected
None
Protected Mode Exceptions
#GP(0) if the offset jumped to is beyond the limits of the current code
segment
Real Address Mode Exceptions
None
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
None
LSL -- Load Segment Limit
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
0F 03 /r LSL r16,r/m16 pm=20/21 Load: r16 <- segment limit,
selector r/m16 (byte granular)
0F 03 /r LSL r32,r/m32 pm=20/21 Load: r32 <- segment limit,
selector r/m32 (byte granular)
0F 03 /r LSL r16,r/m16 pm=25/26 Load: r16 <- segment limit,
selector r/m16 (page granular)
0F 03 /r LSL r32,r/m32 pm=25/26 Load: r32 <- segment limit,
selector r/m32 (page granular)
Description
The LSL instruction loads a register with an unscrambled segment limit,
and sets ZF to 1, provided that the source selector is visible at the CPL
weakened by RPL, and that the descriptor is a type accepted by LSL.
Otherwise, ZF is cleared to 0, and the destination register is unchanged.
The segment limit is loaded as a byte granular value. If the descriptor
has a page granular segment limit, LSL will translate it to a byte limit
before loading it in the destination register (shift left 12 the 20-bit
"raw" limit from descriptor, then OR with 00000FFFH).
The 32-bit forms of this instruction store the 32-bit byte granular limit
in the 16-bit destination register.
Code and data segment descriptors are valid for LSL.
The valid special segment and gate descriptor types for LSL are given
in the following table:
Type Name Valid/Invalid
0 Invalid Invalid
1 Available 80286 TSS Valid
2 LDT Valid
3 Busy 80286 TSS Valid
4 80286 call gate Invalid
5 80286/80386 task gate Invalid
6 80286 trap gate Invalid
7 80286 interrupt gate Invalid
8 Invalid Valid
9 Available 80386 TSS Valid
A Invalid Invalid
B Busy 80386 TSS Valid
C 80386 call gate Invalid
D Invalid Invalid
E 80386 trap gate Invalid
F 80386 interrupt gate Invalid
Flags Affected
ZF as described above
Protected Mode Exceptions
#GP(0) for an illegal memory operand effective address in the CS, DS,
ES, FS, or GS segments; #SS(0) for an illegal address in the SS segment;
#PF(fault-code) for a page fault
Real Address Mode Exceptions
Interrupt 6; LSL is not recognized in Real Address Mode
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
Same exceptions as in Real Address Mode
LTR -- Load Task Register
Opcode Instruction Clocks Description
0F 00 /3 LTR r/m16 pm=23/27 Load EA word into task register
Description
LTR loads the task register from the source register or memory location
specified by the operand. The loaded task state segment is marked busy.
A task switch does not occur.
LTR is used only in operating system software; it is not used in
application programs.
Flags Affected
None
Protected Mode Exceptions
#GP(0) for an illegal memory operand effective address in the CS, DS,
ES, FS, or GS segments; #SS(0) for an illegal address in the SS segment;
#GP(0) if the current privilege level is not 0; #GP(selector) if the object
named by the source selector is not a TSS or is already busy;
#NP(selector) if the TSS is marked "not present"; #PF(fault-code) for
a page fault
Real Address Mode Exceptions
Interrupt 6; LTR is not recognized in Real Address Mode
Virtual 8086 Mode Exceptions
Same exceptions as in Real Address Mode
Notes
The operand-size attribute has no effect on this instruction.
Prev: 17.3.J 'J' Instructions
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